Prof. Priyanath Das

National Institute of Technology Agartala
India

Abstract Title: Toxic Metals in Solar Panels: Environmental Fate, Exposure Pathways, and Risk Assessment

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The global deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is accelerating as part of the transition toward clean energy. However, PV technologies incorporate toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, selenium, and indium, which may pose environmental and human health risks throughout their life cycle. This review synthesizes available evidence on the environmental fate and toxicological impacts of these metals, with emphasis on release pathways during manufacturing, accidental damage, and disposal. Literature analysis highlights that operational risks are minimal under normal conditions, but end-of-life mismanagement, particularly landfilling and informal recycling, significantly increases the potential for soil and water contamination as well as occupational exposure. Case studies further indicate bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in ecosystems near poorly regulated recycling facilities. Risk mitigation strategies—including safer material substitution, improved encapsulation, and regulated recycling—are discussed in light of current policy frameworks such as extended producer responsibility and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive. This review concludes that effective management of PV waste and innovation in non-toxic materials are essential to reduce toxic metal exposure and ensure the long-term sustainability of solar energy systems. Keywords: Solar photovoltaic; toxic metals; environmental fate; recycling; health risks